Marshall-Economics-ajk$2.47# 1,7835,456,eco,eng,20180705,20200118,5,Alfred Marshall: Elements of Economics of Industry ama,https://www.amazon.com/Principles-Economics-Illustrated-ELEMENTS-ECONOMICS-ebook/dp/B00AKTNNQY/ref=sr_1_2?crid=3QUE6OOD2L440&keywords=alfred+marshall+principles+of+economics&qid=1579385113&s=digital-text&sprefix=marshall+eco%2Cdigital-text%2C274&sr=1-2 eng,https://www.amazon.com/review/R297SVILS4XP4M/ref=pe_1098610_137716200_cm_rv_eml_rv0_rv Contents Contents Essential Biography for Alfred Marshall ELEMENTS OF ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRY ALFRED MARSHALL 1899 166,h,Marshall founded the "Cambridge School" which focused on to increasing returns, the theory of the firm, and welfare economics. After his retirement, leadership was passed to Alfred Pigou and John Maynard Keynes, two of his students at Cambridge. 173,h,Marshall’s academic legacy was creating a scientifically founded profession for economists in modern society. 187,b,201807140929: + 11 = 11 = 2% 188,2,PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 233,2,Summary of Contents 511,1,BOOK I PRELIMINARY SURVEY 514,2,CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 618,h,The term "competition" is then not well suited to describe the special characteristics of industrial life in the modern age. We need a term that does not imply any moral qualities, whether good or evil, but which indicates the undisputed fact that modern business is characterized by more self-reliant habits, more forethought, more deliberate and free choice. There is not any one term adequate for this purpose: but FREEDOM OF INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE, or more shortly, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, points in the right direction, and may be used in the absence of a better. 625,h,"The word value" says Adam Smith "has two different meanings, The one may be called value in use, the other value in exchange." In the place of "value in use" which is a misleading expression, we now speak of "utility;" while instead of "value in exchange" we often say "exchange value" or simply "value". 647,2,CHAPTER II THE GROWTH OF FREE INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE 693,2,CHAPTER III THE GROWTH OF FREE INDUSTRY AND ENTERPRISE, CONTINUED 849,h,Thus gradually we may attain to an order of social life, in which the common good overrules individual caprice, even more than it did in the early ages before the sway of individualism had begun. 865,b,20191227: + 39 = 50 = 11% 7836/456=17,2 866,2,CHAPTER IV THE GROWTH OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE 951,2,CHAPTER V THE SCOPE OF ECONOMICS 1044,h,so a manufacturer or a trader is often stimulated much more by the hope of victory over his rivals than by the desire to add something to his fortune. 1085,2,CHAPTER VI METHODS OF STUDY NATURE OF ECONOMIC LAW 1178,b,20191228: + 19 = 69 = 15% 7836/456=17,2 1179,2,CHAPTER VII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 1179,h,Economics has then as its purpose firstly to acquire knowledge for its own sake, and secondly to throw light on practical issues. 1179,h,we are tempted to break off each line of thought as soon as it ceases to have immediate bearing on that particular aim which we have in view at the time: the direct pursuit of practical aims leads us to group together bits of all sorts of knowledge, which have no connection with one another except for the immediate purposes of the moment; and which throw but little light on one another. 1190,h,Economics is then the science which investigates mans action in the ordinary business of life. 1218,h,Taking it for granted that a more equal distribution of wealth is to be desired, how far would this justify changes in the institutions of property, or limitations of free enterprise even when they would be likely to diminish the aggregate of wealth? In other words, how far should an increase in the income of the poorer classes and a diminution of their work be aimed at, even if it involved some lessening of national material wealth? How far could this be done without injustice, and without slackening the energies of the leaders of progress? How ought the burdens of taxation to be distributed among the different classes of society? 1240,h,Economics is thus taken to mean a study of the economic aspects and conditions of man's political, social and private life; but more especially of his social life. 1253,h,better described as Social Economics, or as Economics simply, than as Political Economy[ 1346,h,And here we may note that Goods may be divided into CONSUMPTION GOODS[37], which satisfy wants directly, such as food, clothes, etc. ; and PRODUCTION GOODS which satisfy wants, not directly, but indirectly by contributing towards the production of consumption goods. 1253,1,BOOK II SOME FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS 1253,2,CHAPTER'S I INTRODUCTORY 1272,2,CHAPTER II WEALTH 1326,h,And though the Thames is a free gift of nature, except in so far as its navigation has been improved, while the canal is the work of man, we ought for many purposes to reckon the Thames a part of England's wealth[35]. 1330,2,CHAPTER III PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, LABOUR, NECESSARIES 1333,h,All that he can do in the physical world is either to re-adjust matter so as to make it more useful, as when he makes a log of wood into a table; 1346,h,And here we may note that Goods may be divided into CONSUMPTION GOODS[37], which satisfy wants directly, such as food, clothes, etc. ; and PRODUCTION GOODS which satisfy wants, not directly, but indirectly by contributing towards the production of consumption goods. 1400,2,CHAPTER IV CAPITAL, INCOME 1411,d,Adam Smith =said that a person's capital is that part of his stock from which he expects to derive an income. 1501,1,BOOK III DEMAND AND CONSUMPTION 1501,2,CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY 1513,2,CHAPTER II THING, IMMEDIATE AND DEFERRED USES 1571,b,20191229: + 22 = 91 = 20% 7836/456=17,2 1572,2,CHAPTER III THE LAW OF DEMAND 1669,2,CHAPTER IV LAW OF DEMAND, CONTINUED, ELASTICITY OF DEMAND 1689,h,The elasticity of demand will be great for high prices, and great or at least considerable for medium prices, but it will decline as the price falls; and gradually fades away if the fall goes so far that satiety level is reached. 1703,h,But the working class is so numerous that their consumption of such things as are well within their reach is much greater than that of the rich; and therefore the aggregate demand for all things of the kind is very elastic. 1806,2,CHAPTER VI VALUE AND UTILITY 1815,d,But the working class is so numerous that their consumption of such things as are well within their reach is much greater than that of the rich; and therefore the aggregate demand for all things of the kind is very elastic. 1820,h,ices are very much below those which many people would pay rather than go entirely without them; and which therefore afford a very great Consumers' Rent. Good instances are matches, salt, a penny newspaper, or a penny postage-stamp. 1817,ices are very much below those which many people would pay rather than go entirely without them; and which therefore afford a very great Consumers' Rent. Good instances are matches, salt, a penny newspaper, or a penny postage-stamp. 1891,h,ices are very much below those which many people would pay rather than go entirely without them; and which therefore afford a very great Consumers' Rent. Good instances are matches, salt, a penny newspaper, or a penny postage-stamp. 1920,b,20191230: + 21 = 112 = 24% 7836/456=17,2 1921,1,BOOK IV THE AGENTS OF PRODUCTION LAND, LABOUR, CAPITAL AND ORGANIZATION 1923,2,CHAPTER I INTRODUCTORY 1978,2,CHAPTER II THE FERTILITY OF LAND 2038,2,CHAPTER III THE FERTILITY OF LAND, CONTINUED THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURN 2105,h,The dose which only just remunerates the cultivator may be said to be the MARGINAL DOSE, and the return to it the MARGINAL RETURN. 2183,i,They paid very little heed to the assistance 2237,2,CHAPTER IV THE GROWTH OF POPULATION 2351,2,CHAPTER V THE HEALTH AND STRENGTH OF THE POPULATION 2468,2,CHAPTER VI 2491,h,perception and artistic creation, we may say that what makes one occupation higher than another, what makes the workers of one town or country more efficient than those of another, is chiefly a superiority in general sagacity and energy which is not specialized to any one trade. 2507,h,advance made during school-time is important not so much on its own account, as for the power of future advance which a school education gives. Heading and writing afford the means of that wider intercourse which leads to breadth and elasticity of mind, and which is enabling the working man of today to be as capable a citizen as was the country gentleman of last century. 2593,2,CHAPTER III THE FERTILITY OF LAND, CONTINUED THE LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURN 2615,h,The whole history of man shows that his wants expand with the growth of his wealth and knowledge. 2685,i,took too little account of the fact that human faculties 2702,w,abstemiousness= 2739,2,CHAPTER IV THE GROWTH OF POPULATION 2745,h,economists have learnt much from the profound analogies which have been discovered between industrial organization on the one side and the physical organization of the higher animals on the other. 2781,2,CHAPTER V THE HEALTH AND STRENGTH OF THE POPULATION 2833,h,But this industry is now yielding ground to the American system of making watches by machinery, which requires very little specialized manual skill. In fact the machinery is becoming every year more and more automatic, and is getting to require less and less assistance from the human hand. 2908,2,CHAPTER VI 2908,2,CHAPTER X INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION CONTINUED THE CONCENTRATION OF SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIES IN PARTICULAR LOCALITIES 3054,2,CHAPTER XI INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION, CONTINUED PRODUCTION ON A LARGE SCALE 3053,b,20200101: + 66 = 178 = 39% 7836/456=17,2 3054,2,CHAPTER XIL INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION, CONTINUED BUSINESS MANAGEMENT 3295,2,CHAPTER XIII CONCLUSION THE LAW OF INCREASING IN RELATION TO THAT OF DIMINISHING RETURN 3303,w,calico weaving= 3370,1,BOOK V THE EQUILIBRIUM OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY 3370,2,CHAPTER I ON MARKETS 3376,h,The purpose of the present book is to examine the general conditions of the equilibrium of demand and supply: 3428,h,These sales on the one hand, and purchases on the other, strengthen the tendency which the price has to seek the same level everywhere. 3448,b,20200106: + 22 = 200 = 44% 7836/456=17,2 3449,2,CHAPTER II TEMPORARY EQUILIBRIUM OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY 3486,2,CHAPTER III EQUILIBRIUM OF NORMAL DEMAND AND SUPPLY 3604,2,CHAPTER IV INVESTMENT OF RESOURCES FOR A DISTANT RETURN PRIME COST AND TOTAL COST 3660,2,CHAPTER V EQUILIBRIUM OF NORMAL DEMAND AND SUPPLY, CONTINUED THE TERM NORMAL WITH REFERENCE TO LONG AND SHORT PERIODS 3776,2,CHAPTER VI JOINT AND COMPOSITE DEMAND JOINT AND COMPOSITE SUPPLY 3865,2,CHAPTER VII PRIME AND TOTAL COST IN RELATION TO JOINT PRODUCTS COST OF MARKETING; INSURANCE AGAINST RISK 3919,2,CHAPTER VIII CHANGES OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY MONOPOLIES[ 3939,h,It is indeed a familiar commonplace that the owner of a monopoly is tempted to limit his supply so as to raise his price very high, and reap benefits for himself at the expense of the public. 3967,1,BOOK VI VALUE, OR DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE 3967,2,CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE 4149,b,20200108: + 41 = 241 = 53% 7836/456=17,2 4150,2,CHAPTER II PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF DISTRIBUTION AND EXCHANGE, CONTINUED 4165,h,Just in the same way, when several balls are lying in a bowl, they mutually govern one another's positions. And again when a heavy weight is suspended by several elastic strings of different strengths and lengths attached to different points in the ceiling, the equilibrium positions of all the strings and of the weight mutually govern one another: if any one of the strings that is already stretched is shortened, everything else will change its position, and the length and the tension of every other string will be altered also. 4173,h,It is more important to insist that in the long run the supply of efficient labour is very closely dependent on the rate of earnings and the manner in which they are spent. 4216,h,The various elements of the problem mutually determine (in the sense of governing) one another; and incidentally this secures that supply-price and demand-price tend to equality: wages are not governed by demand-price nor by supply-price, but by the whole set of causes which govern demand and supply[149]. 4327,h,To conclude: -- capital in general and labour in general are agents co-operating in the production of the national dividend, and drawing from it their earnings in the measure of their respective (marginal) efficiencies in production. 4334,h,In the modern world, the employer, or undertaker, who may have but little capital as his own, acts as the boss of the great industrial wheel. The interests of owners of capital and of workers radiate towards him and from him: and he holds them all together in a firm grip. He will therefore take a predominant place in those discussions of fluctuations of employment and of wages, which are defer4149,b,20200108: + 41 = 241 = 53% 7836/456=17,2 4340,b,20200110: + 11 = 252 = 55% 7836/456=17,2 4341,2,CHAPTER III DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO LAUOUR REAL AND NOMINAL EARNINGS 4480,2,CHAPTER IV DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO LABOUR CONTINUED 4500,h,and when he sells them he gets a price which is the estimated net value of their future services. 4539,h,The most valuable of all capital is that invested in human beings; and of that capital the most precious part is the result of the care and influence of the mother, so long as she retains her tender and unselfish instincts, and has not been hardened by the strain and stress of unfeminine work. 4607,2,CHAPTER V DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO LABOUR CONCLUDED 4683,2,CHAPTER VI DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO CAPITAL A FURTHER STUDY OF INTEREST 4728,w,costermongers= 4758,2,CHAPTER VII DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO CAPITAL BUSINESS POWER AND INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION 4864,h,Thus then each of the many modern methods of business has its own advantages and disadvantages: and its application is extended under the action of the Law of Substitution in every direction until that limit or margin is reached, at which its special advantages for that use no longer exceed its disadvantages. 4874,b,20200112: + 31 = 283 = 62% 7836/456=17,2 4875,2,CHAPTER VIII DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO CAPITAL AND BUSINESS POWER, CONCLUDED 5001,2,CHAPTER IX DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO LAND PRODUCER'S SURPLUS 5050,2,CHAPTER X DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN RELATION TO LAND CONTINUED LAND TENURE 5209,2,CHAPTER XI GENERAL VIEW OF DISTRIBUTION 5393,2,CHAPTER XII THE INFLUENCE OF PROGRESS ON VALUE 5457,w,calico=kalikoo?? Kilpikonnakuvioinen kissa 5487,w,peck=nokkia Peck Unit of volume with different values A peck is an imperial and United States customary unit of dry volume, equivalent to 2 dry gallons or 8 dry quarts or 16 dry pints (9.09 (UK) or 8.81 (US) liters). Two pecks make a kenning (obsolete), and four pecks make a bushel. Although the peck is no longer widely used, some produce, such as apples, are still often sold by the peck in the USA (although it is obsolete in the UK, found only in the old nursery rhyme "Peter Piper" and in the Bible - e.g., Matthew 5:15 in some older translations). 5544,h,Political Arithmetic may be said to have begun in England in the seventeenth century; and from that time onwards we find a constant and nearly steady increase in the amount of accumulated wealth per head of the population. 5549,h,This increase of capital per head tended to diminish its marginal utility, and therefore the rate of interest on new investments; but not uniformly, because there were meanwhile great variations in the demand for capital, both for political and military and for industrial purposes. Thus the rate of interest which was vaguely reported to be 10 per cent, during a great part of the Middle Ages, had sunk to 3 per cent, in the This increase of capital per head tended to diminish its marginal utility, and therefore the rate of interest on new investments; but not uniformly, because there were meanwhile great variations in the demand for capital, both for political and military and for industrial purposes. Thus the rate of interest which was vaguely reported to be 10 per cent, during a great part of the Middle Ages, had sunk to 3 per cent, in the great recent accumulations of wealth in England, on the Continent, and above all in America.u 5599,h,example of unskilled labourers, whose natural inclination to marry early has always been encouraged by the desire that their family expenses may begin to fall off before their own wages begin to shrink. 5633,h,the late Mr Vanderbilt, they were earned mainly by the supreme economizing force of a great constructive genius working at a new and large problem with a free hand: and Mr Vanderbilt probably saved to the people of the United States more than he accumulated himself. 5843,b,20200114: + 88 = 340 = 75% 7836/456=17,2 5844,2,CHAPTER XIII TRADE UNIONS 5900,w,vexation=harmi 5987,h,Can Unions really make economic friction act for the workman instead of against him? Are the means which they take for this purpose injurious to production and therefore indirectly to the workman? If the answers to both these questions are affirmative, is the good on the whole greater or less than the evil? 6122,h,work varies so much from bench to bench and from day to day that no regular tariff can be devised; and piece-work degenerates into contract work, in which the individual workman has to bargain alone with his employer. 6354,2,End of ELEMENTS OF ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRY 6484,d,"law" in the sense of an ordinance of government; not in the sense of a scientific statement of connection between cause and effect. 6844,h,Ricardo's famous phrase "the original and indestructible powers of the soil." 6984,h,Adam Smith tells us that "workmen, when they are liberally paid, are very apt to overwork themselves and to ruin their health and constitution in a few years. A carpenter in London, and in some other places, is not supposed to last in his utmost vigour above eight years…. 7171,f,But this seems to be an error. For the half-truth that value is governed by utility, if put forward as the whole truth, is equally unscientific and practically a great deal more misleading and mischievous than the other half-truth that value is governed by cost of production. 7189,b,20200116: + 78 = 418 = 92% 7836/456=17,2 7526,w,Metayage=Cultivation of land for a proprietor by one who receives a proportion of the produce 7836 ###enrufi #eng A supplement to Marshall's Principles of Ecconomics These Marshall's works belong to the corner stones of economics. They rise Alfred Marshall to the Tribune and Round Table of Economics to join him only with such giants as Adam Smith and John Maynard Keynes. This work should be obligatory in courses of economics, also as a hundred page version already at the lowest level of study. And as an obligatory exam of admission to the table of negotiations between trade unions and employers. In spite of the highest professional sophistication the text is extremely easy reading, completely comparable with my recent reading of Milton Friedman's monography on his Chile excursion, Friedman being another pretender to the above mentioned Round Table. It seems to be a feature of distinction that the highest professional level texts are also the easiest reading. Maybe just because of their mature profoundness and perspication, concentration to the essence. Marshall, publishing since 1890's, is considered as the founder of neoclassical economics. What then are the main features of his contribution? - The introduction of marginalism and equilibrium analysis of the market economy. He is mainly operating in the field of microeconomics and more with static end results of the market processes than their dynamics. Real delicacies are his every day life examples of any high level principles. Different levels of working people's skills and durability of products are considered as well as natural surroundings and conditions. No trace of just dry speculation with abstract concepts. A highly recommendable reading in spite of its more than a century of age, no question of less than five stars of assesment. #rus Дополнение к Принципам экономики Маршалла Эти работы Маршалла принадлежат к краеугольным камням экономики. Они поднимают Альфреда Маршалла на трибуну и Круглый стол по экономике, чтобы присоединиться к нему только с такими гигантами, как Адам Смит и Джон Мейнард Кейнс. Эта работа должна быть обязательной на курсах экономики, а также в виде стостраничной версии уже на самом низком уровне обучения. А так же обязательный экзамен при приеме на стол переговоров между профсоюзами и работодателями. Несмотря на высочайшую профессиональную изощренность, текст чрезвычайно легко читается, что вполне сопоставимо с моим недавним чтением монографии Милтона Фридмана о его экскурсии в Чили, где Фридман является еще одним претендентом на упомянутый выше Круглый стол. Кажется, что отличительной чертой является то, что тексты самого высокого профессионального уровня также легче читаются. Может быть, только из-за их зрелости и проницательности, сосредоточенности на сути. Маршалл, издаваемый с 1890-х годов, считается основателем неоклассической экономики. Каковы же основные черты его вклада? - Внедрение маржинализма и равновесного анализа рыночной экономики. Он в основном работает в области микроэкономики и в большей степени со статическими конечными результатами рыночных процессов, чем с их динамикой. Настоящие деликатесы - это примеры из повседневной жизни любых принципов высокого уровня. Рассматриваются различные уровни навыков трудящихся и долговечность продукции, а также природная среда и условия. Никаких следов просто сухих спекуляций с абстрактными понятиями. Настоятельно рекомендуется читать, несмотря на его более чем столетний возраст, не может быть и речи о пяти звездах оценки. #fin Lisäys Marshallin Principles of Economic teokseen Nämä Marshallin teokset kuuluvat taloustieteen kulmakiviin. Ne nostavat Alfred Marshallin podiumille ja pyöreän pöydän ääreen liittäen hänet vain sellaisten jättiläisten seuraan kuin Adam Smith ja John Maynard Keynes. Tämän teoksen tulisi olla pakollinen taloustieteen kursseilla, myös sadan sivun versiona jo matalimmalla opiskelutasolla. Ja pakollisena kokeena pääsyyn ammattiliittojen ja työnantajien välisiin neuvottelupöytiin. Huolimatta korkeimmasta ammatillisesta hienostuneisuudesta, teksti on erittäin helppo lukea, täysin verrattavissa äskettäin lukemaani Milton Friedmanin monografiaa Chilen retken aikana, Friedman oli toinen teeskentely edellä mainitulle pyöreän pöydän pöydälle. Erottamiskyky näyttää siltä, ​​että korkeimman tason tekstit ovat myös helpointa lukea. Ehkä vain heidän kypsän syvällisyytensä ja hikoilunsa vuoksi keskittymisensä olennaisuuteen. Marshallia, joka on julkaissut vuodesta 1890 lähtien, pidetään uusklassisen taloustieteen perustajana. Mitkä ovat hänen panoksensa pääpiirteet? - Marginaalisuuden ja markkinatalouden tasapainoanalyysin käyttöönotto. Hän toimii pääasiassa mikrotalouden alalla, ja hänellä on enemmän markkinaprosessien staattisia lopputuloksia kuin niiden dynamiikkaa. Oikeat herkut ovat hänen jokapäiväisen elämän esimerkkejä kaikista korkean tason periaatteista. Työntekijöiden taidot ja tuotteiden kestävyys otetaan huomioon luonnollisessa ympäristössä ja olosuhteissa. Ei jälkeä vain kuivasta keinottelusta abstraktien käsitteiden kanssa. Erittäin suositeltava lukeminen yli vuosisadan ikäisistä huolimatta, kyse ei ole alle viidestä arviointitähdestä. @@@7836/456=17,2 20191227-Kindle I cannot enough praise and congratulate you for the present structure and size of the screen of 12x60 characters. To my great satisfaction, using scrolling mode i see again the bottom line information. Decided to try Wordwise as a replacement for dictionary. Minimun gives suitable refreshment of certain terms. Touching gives mlre öreckse definition and possibility to gratefully accepted feedback - very nice! The only disadvantage is no possibility of conveying the information to outside notes. Why i am suggesting the use of epage instead of location? Epage is accurate enough and allows the reader to use one digit less in marking the location in the own memo. Anyway, thank you very much for the recent improvements from the point of view of MyeBooks. I have decided to try also your card deck system. Wondering now how far it can be then used outside the book it concerns as it can be done with MyeBooks as a shrine of my entire reading history. http://www.askokorpela.fi/AjkMye/ajk/MyeBooksEng.htm 20200101-Kindle 1. Painting should be as thin as possible. Completely outrageous the change to dimmed mode. 2. No automatic disappearance of painting should be applied beefore returning from the carousel. 3. Word wise definitions should automatically go to clipboard! Completely foolish idea of just showing, but not giving. 20200108-Kindle 1. Good idea! Small summary tables appeared to the text about half way of the book. Only rather poor actualization! Where on earth can this font be found? Perhaps in books over 400 years old. Almost impossible to read. Uneven space. 2. Percentage of the total amount of text at the beginning of bottomline, a good idea too. But how much nicer it would be folowed by epage number in stead of the stupid ephemere location, long word and many digits with no connection to concrete reality like page numbers. Location should urgently be replaced by page! 3, This book is obviously a combination of two different paper editions joined at about half way. Big confusion of chapter headings revealed in the table of contents. Should be corrected. The text deserves it. 20200110-Kindle Praise and congratulations! Kindle has by far surpassed the last stronghold of paperbooks: leafing to and fro in the book. I almost managed to return to the spot from where I started. 20200112-Kindle Squared summaries is a very good idea, but the font must be readable. Why not use the same as in the main text, but in small size. Reading the present completely inacceptable takes as long time as the whole screen. In my case it has led to paying no attention to the summary squares, a pity for their composers! ***