William Minto: Logic

Minto-Logic-ajk.txt o MyeBooksMenu o MyeBooks123 o MyeBooksAbc 20211109-20211232 183 4* (20220224-0241)
1.YhteenvedotReviewsРезюме
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2.SisällysluetteloContentsСодержание
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3.MuistiinpanotHighlightsПримечания
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4.SanastoVocabularyСловарь
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5.KielikuvatIdiomsИдиоми
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6.MääritelmätDefinitionsОпределения
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7.KirjanmerkitBookmarksЗакладки
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I almost dropped this excellent book o Amazon
Melkein keskeytin tämän erinomaisen kirjan lukemisen
Я чуть не уронил эту прекрасную книгу
Jag tappade nästan denna utmärkta bok

I almost dropped this excellent book

Not because of some weaknesses of the book, but because it seemed to operate beyond my capabilities. Soon after the Introduction, I have put in my notes: This book seems to be for me one of the "Water off a Goose’s Back". Luckily I did not drop the book but continued to the bitter end. As a matter of fact, the end was not bitter at all. My perseverance was richly remunerated when the author turned on the inductive part of the work after the endless deductive splitting of the subject matter.

There is a delicious collection of examples from everyday life to illustrate various aspects of the use of logical thinking and behavior. As well as absence of the same. Of course, the famous example of the running competition of Achilles and the tortoise is treated. Not left unsolved, as usual, but with the solution by mentioning the distance at which Achilles surpasses his rival - between the 111th and 112th yards. This is how the author puts it:

"To prove this is an ignoratio elenchi; what the Sophist undertakes to prove is that Achilles will never overtake it, and he really proves that Achilles passes it between the 111th and 112th yards."

The book starts with the three ancient giants of thinking, Socrates, Platon, and Aristoteles, Aristoteles being presented as the Founding Father of the discipline of logic. Then at two-thirds of the text Francis Bacon is presented as only 2000 years later taking the first step beyond Aristoteles in his famous publication of the Novum Organum (1620): "Francis Bacon, however, went beyond all his predecessors in furnishing an elaborate Method for the interpretation of Nature. his Inductive Method or Novum Organum. He is called the founder of Inductive Philosophy." The next and final big leap was taken by John Stuart Mill, whose 'System of Logic, Deductive and Inductive', was first published in 1843. Thus was completed the foundation of the basic present scientific method of the inductive and deductive research approach. Until that "The mandate of the Mediæval Spirit was Bring your beliefs into harmony with dogma. After that "a new spirit was roused, the mandate of which was, Bring your beliefs into harmony with facts." In my economics lectures in the 1970s, there is an 'Ajksiom' saying something like: economic research is like cutting firewood by continuous sawing to and fro, induction-deduction, induction-deduction...

The last part of the book is a versatile collection of examples of various applications of this method. In the end, I felt proud to be able of making this remark: 'Deliberate use of causal relationships in personal and political situations, trying to influence. Not treated in this book? Would be a worthy topic for a monograph for this author.' The practical suggestion coming too late considering (and me forgetting) that this excellent book was first published in 1915, thus the author logically having deceased ages ago.

Anyhow, this book well deserves four stars, if not all five instead of my originally aimed one.

Melkein keskeytin tämän erinomaisen kirjan lukemisen

Ei kirjan joidenkin heikkouksien takia, vaan koska se näytti toimivan yli kykyjeni. Pian esittelyn jälkeen olen lisännyt muistiinpanoihini: Tämä kirja näyttää olevan yksi "Vesi hanhen selästä". Onneksi en poistanut kirjaa, vaan jatkoin katkeraan loppuun asti. Itse asiassa loppu ei ollut ollenkaan katkera. Sinnikkyys palkittiin runsain mitoin, kun tekijä siirtyi teoksen induktiiviseen osaan aiheen loputtoman deduktiivisen jakamisen jälkeen.

Siellä on herkullinen kokoelma arjen esimerkkejä havainnollistamaan loogisen ajattelun ja käytöksen eri puolia. Sekä saman puuttumisesta. Tietenkin käsitellään kuuluisaa esimerkkiä Akhilleuksen ja kilpikonnan juoksukilpailusta. Ei jätetty ratkaisematta, kuten tavallista, vaan ratkaisu mainitsee etäisyyden, jolla Akhilleus ohittaa kilpailijansa - 111. ja 112. jaardien välillä. Näin kirjoittaja asian ilmaisee:

"Tämän todistaminen on ignoratio elenchi; Sofisti sitoutuu todistamaan, että Akhilleus ei koskaan ohita sitä, ja hän todella todistaa, että Akhilleus ohittaa sen 111. ja 112. jaardin välillä."

Kirja alkaa kolmella muinaisella ajattelun jättiläisellä, Sokrateella, Platonilla ja Aristoteleksella, ja Aristoteles esitetään logiikan tieteenalan perustaja-isänä. Sitten vasta kahdessa kolmasosassa tekstistä Francis Bacon esitetään vain 2000 vuotta myöhemmin ottavan ensimmäisen askeleen Aristoteleksen jälkeen kuuluisassa Novum Organum -julkaisussaan (1620): "Francis Bacon, however, went beyond all his predecessors in furnishing an elaborate Method for the interpretation of Nature. his Inductive Method or Novum Organum. He is called the founder of Inductive Philosophy." Seuraavan ja viimeisen suuren harppauksen otti John Stuart Mill, jonka 'System of Logic, Deductive and Inductive' julkaistiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1843. Näin saatiin päätökseen nykyisen induktiivisen ja deduktiivisen tutkimuksen tieteellisen perusmenetelmän perusta. Siihen asti "Keskiaikaisen hengen mandaatti oli: Tuo uskomuksesi sopusointuun dogmien kanssa. Sen jälkeen "herätettiin uusi henki, jonka tehtävänä oli: Tuo uskomuksesi sopusointuun tosiasioiden kanssa." Taloustieteen luennoissani 1970-luvulla on "Ajksiooma", sanonta jotakuinkin: taloustutkimus on kuin polttopuun leikkaamista jatkuvalla sahauksella edestakaisin, induktio-deduktio, induktio-deduktio...

Kirjan viimeinen osa on monipuolinen kokoelma esimerkkejä tämän menetelmän erilaisista sovelluksista. Lopulta tunsin ylpeyttä saadessani esittää tämän huomautuksen: "Syy-suhteiden tahallinen käyttö henkilökohtaisissa ja poliittisissa tilanteissa, vaikuttamisen yrittäminen. Ei käsitelty tässä kirjassa? Olisi monografian arvoinen aihe tälle kirjailijalle. Käytännön ehdotus tulee liian myöhään ottaen huomioon (ja minä unohtaen), että tämä erinomainen kirja julkaistiin ensimmäisen kerran vuonna 1915, joten kirjailija on loogisesti kuollut aikoja sitten.

Joka tapauksessa tämä kirja ansaitsee hyvin neljä tähteä, ellei kaikki viisi alunperin aikomani yhden sijaan.

Я чуть не уронил эту прекрасную книгу

Не из-за каких-то слабых мест в книге, а потому, что мне казалось, что она выходит за рамки моих возможностей. Вскоре после вступления я сделал свои записи: эта книга кажется мне одной из «Воды со спины гуся». К счастью, я не уронил книгу, но продолжал до самого горкого конца. На самом деле конец был совсем не горьким. Моя настойчивость была щедро вознаграждена, когда автор включил индуктивную часть работы после бесконечного дедуктивного разбиения предмета.

Существует восхитительная коллекция примеров из повседневной жизни, иллюстрирующих различные аспекты использования логического мышления и поведения. Как и отсутствие такового. Конечно, рассматривается известный пример соревнований по бегу Ахилла и черепахи. Не остался нерешенным, как обычно, но с решением проблемы с указанием расстояния, на котором Ахиллес превосходит своего соперника - между 111-м и 112-м ярдами. Вот как выразился автор:

«Доказывать это - ignoratio elenchi; что софист пытается доказать, так это то, что Ахиллес никогда не догонит его, и он действительно доказывает, что Ахиллес проходит его между 111-м и 112-м ярдами».

Книга начинается с трех древних гигантов мышления: Сократа, Платона и Аристотеля, причем Аристотель представлен как отец-основатель дисциплины логики. Затем, в двух третях текста, Фрэнсис Бэкон представлен как только 2000 лет спустя сделавший первый шаг за пределы Аристотеля в своей знаменитой публикации Novum Organum (1620): «Однако Фрэнсис Бэкон превзошел всех своих предшественников в создании тщательно продуманной книги. Метод интерпретации Природы. Его Индуктивный Метод или Novum Organum. Его называют основателем Индуктивной Философии». Следующий и последний большой скачок был сделан Джоном Стюартом Миллем, чья «Система логики, дедукции и индукции» была впервые опубликована в 1843 году. Таким образом было завершено создание основного современного научного метода индуктивного и дедуктивного исследовательского подхода. До этого «Мандат Средневекового Духа заключался в том, чтобы привести ваши убеждения в соответствие с догмами. После этого« пробудился новый дух, задача которого заключалась в том, чтобы привести ваши убеждения в соответствие с фактами». В моих лекциях по экономике в 1970-х гг. есть «Айксиом», говорящий что-то вроде: экономические исследования подобны рубке дров путем непрерывной распиловки туда-сюда, индукция-вычитание, индукция-вычет ...

Последняя часть книги представляет собой разносторонний сборник примеров различных применений этого метода. В конце концов, я почувствовал гордость за то, что смог сделать следующее замечание: «Умышленное использование причинно-следственных связей в личных и политических ситуациях с целью оказания влияния. Не рассматриваются в этой книге? Это была бы достойная тема для монографии этого автора ». Практическое предложение пришло слишком поздно, учитывая (и я забывая), что эта замечательная книга была впервые опубликована в 1915 году, следовательно, автор, по логике вещей, умер много лет назад.

Как бы то ни было, эта книга заслуживает четырех звезд, если не всех пяти вместо одной, на которую я изначально нацелился.

Jag tappade nästan denna utmärkta bok

Inte på grund av några svagheter i boken, utan för att den verkade fungera bortom min förmåga. Strax efter introduktionen har jag skrivit in mina anteckningar: Den här boken verkar för mig vara en av "Vattnet från en gåsrygg". Som tur var släppte jag inte boken utan fortsatte till det bittra slutet. Faktum är att slutet inte alls var bittert. Min uthållighet fick en rik belöning när författaren slog på den induktiva delen av verket efter den oändliga deduktiva splittringen av ämnet.

Det finns en läcker samling exempel från vardagen för att illustrera olika aspekter av användningen av logiskt tänkande och beteende. Samt frånvaro av detsamma. Naturligtvis behandlas det berömda exemplet på Akilles och sköldpaddans löptävling. Inte lämnat olöst, som vanligt, utan med lösningen genom att nämna det avstånd på vilket Achilles överträffar sin rival - mellan 111:e och 112:e yards. Så här uttrycker författaren det:

"Att bevisa detta är en ignoratio elenchi; vad sofisten åtar sig att bevisa är att Akilles aldrig kommer att gå om den, och han bevisar verkligen att Akilles passerar den mellan 111:e och 112:e yards."

Boken börjar med att de tre forntida tänkandets jättar, Sokrates, Platon och Aristoteles, Aristoteles presenteras som grundaren av disciplinen logik. Sedan presenteras Francis Bacon vid två tredjedelar av texten som bara 2000 år senare tog det första steget bortom Aristoteles i sin berömda publikation av Novum Organum (1620): "Francis Bacon gick dock längre än alla sina föregångare i att tillhandahålla en utarbetad Metod för tolkning av naturen. hans induktiva metod eller Novum Organum. Han kallas grundaren av induktiv philosophy." Nästa och sista stora steg togs av John Stuart Mill, vars 'System of Logic, Deductive and Inductive' publicerades första gången 1843. Därmed fullbordades grunden för den grundläggande nuvarande vetenskapliga metoden för den induktiva och deduktiva forskningsmetoden. Fram till det "Medeltida Andes mandat var Bring your beliefs into harmonie with dogma. Efter det "väcktes en ny ande, vars mandat var, Bring your beliefs into harmonie with facts." I mina ekonomiföreläsningar på 1970-talet, det finns ett "Ajksiom" som säger något i stil med: ekonomisk forskning är som att kapa ved genom kontinuerlig sågning fram och tillbaka, induktion-deduktion, induktion-deduktion...

Den sista delen av boken är en mångsidig samling exempel på olika tillämpningar av denna metod. Till slut kände jag mig stolt över att kunna göra denna kommentar: 'Medveten användning av orsakssamband i personliga och politiska situationer, i försök att påverka. Inte behandlad i den här boken? Skulle vara ett värdigt ämne för en monografi för denna författare.' Det praktiska förslaget kommer för sent med tanke på (som jag glömmer) att denna utmärkta bok publicerades första gången 1915, varför författaren logiskt nog har avlidit för evigheter sedan.

Hur som helst, den här boken förtjänar väl fyra stjärnor, om inte alla fem istället för min ursprungligen siktade ena.
Pagetop

Huomautukset Remarks Замечания

160,r,or did the author somewhere delimit out this kind of treatment and I just did not notice it. Anyway, deliberate use of cause and effect logic in influencig people's behavior would be a worthy topic for anoher monograph for this author. Pagetop
Parametre lines at the beginning of the reader notes
1. Minto-Logic-ajk*$0???
2. 1,183,183,mat,eng,20211109,20211232,4,William Minto: Logic, Inductive and Deductive ???
3. Amazon Link to source of purchased ebook...???
4. eng Link to Ajk review at source of purchased ebook...???
Minto-Logic-ajk.txt o MyeBooks-guide

Sisällysluettelo Contents Содержание (Code: (1,2,3,4,5))

10001 PREFACE.
20002 INTRODUCTION.
20003 I.—THE ORIGIN AND SCOPE OF LOGIC.
100004 II.—LOGIC AS A PREVENTIVE OF ERROR OR FALLACY.—THE INNER SOPHIST.
12000401 The Bias of Impatient Impulse.
13000402 The Bias of Happy Exercise.
14000403 The Bias of the Feelings.
14000404 The Bias of Custom.
160005 III.—THE AXIOMS OF DIALECTIC AND OF SYLLOGISM.
2101 BOOK I. THE LOGIC OF CONSISTENCY. SYLLOGISM AND DEFINITION.
2102 PART I. THE ELEMENTS OF PROPOSITIONS.
210201 Chapter I. GENERAL NAMES AND ALLIED DISTINCTIONS.
320202 Chapter II. THE SYLLOGISTIC ANALYSIS OF PROPOSITIONS INTO TERMS.
320203 I.—The Bare Analytic Forms.
420204 PART II. DEFINITION.
420205 Chapter I. IMPERFECT UNDERSTANDING OF WORDS AND THE REMEDIES THEREFOR.—DIALECTIC.—DEFINITION.
45020501 I.—Verification of the Meaning—Dialectic.
48020502 II.—Principles of Division or Classification and Definition.
530206 Chapter II. THE FIVE PREDICABLES.—VERBAL AND REAL PREDICATION.
560207 Chapter III. ARISTOTLE'S CATEGORIES.
610208 Chapter IV. THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT UNIVERSALS. —DIFFICULTIES
660209 PART III. THE INTERPRETATION OF PROPOSITIONS. —OPPOSITION AND IMMEDIATE INFERENCE. 66,2,Chapter I. THEORIES OF PREDICATION.—THEORIES OF JUDGMENT.
690210 Chapter II. THE "OPPOSITION" OF PROPOSITIONS.—THE INTERPRETATION OF "NO".
730211 Chapter III. THE IMPLICATION OF PROPOSITIONS. —IMMEDIATE FORMAL INFERENCE.—EDUCATION.
76021101 Conversion.
77021102 Other Forms of Immediate Inference.
780212 Chapter IV. THE COUNTER-IMPLICATION
830213 PART IV. THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF PROPOSITIONS.—MEDIATE INFERENCE.—SYLLOGISM.
830214 Chapter I. THE SYLLOGISM.
860215 Chapter II. FIGURES AND MOODS OF THE SYLLOGISM.
86021501 I.—The First Figure.
930216 Chapter III. THE DEMONSTRATION OF THE SYLLOGISTIC MOODS. —THE CANONS OF THE SYLLOGISM.
990217 Chapter IV. THE ANALYSIS OF ARGUMENTS INTO SYLLOGISTIC FORMS.
1030218 Chapter V. ENTHYMEMES.
1050219 Chapter VI. THE UTILITY OF THE SYLLOGISM.
1080220 Chapter VII. CONDITIONAL ARGUMENTS.—HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM, DISJUNCTIVE SYLLOGISM, AND DILEMMA.
1130221 Chapter VIII. FALLACIES IN DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT.—PETITIO PRINCIPII AND IGNORATIO ELENCHI.
1170222 Chapter IX. FORMAL OR ARISTOTELIAN
12003 BOOK II. INDUCTIVE LOGIC, OR THE LOGIC OF SCIENCE. INTRODUCTION.
1340301 Chapter I. THE DATA OF EXPERIENCE AS GROUNDS OF INFERENCE OR RATIONAL BELIEF.
1400302 Chapter II. ASCERTAINMENT OF SIMPLE FACTS IN THEIR ORDER.—PERSONAL OBSERVATION.—HEARSAY
1440303 Chapter III. ASCERTAINMENT OF FACTS OF CAUSATION.
1500304 Chapter IV. METHODS OF OBSERVATION.—SINGLE DIFFERENCE.
1500305 I.—The Principle of Single Difference.— Mill's "Canon".
1550306 Chapter V. METHODS OF OBSERVATION.—ELIMINATION.—SINGLE AGREEMENT.
1550307 I.—The Principle of Elimination.
1660308 Chapter VI. METHODS OF OBSERVATION.—MINOR METHODS.
1660309 I.—Concomitant Variations.
1630310 Chapter VII. THE METHOD OF EXPLANATION.
1710311 Chapter VIII. SUPPLEMENTARY METHODS OF INVESTIGATION.
1710312 I.—The Maintenance of Averages.—Supplement to the Method of Difference.
1760313 Chapter IX. PROBABLE INFERENCE TO PARTICULARS—THE MEASUREMENT OF PROBABILITY.
1790314 Chapter X. INFERENCE FROM ANALOGY.
1800315 END
1800316 ### 202111151256 4*
Pagetop

Muistiinpanot Highlights Примечания (Code: h)

1 (7)
"Bring your thoughts into harmony with authority," was the demand of the Middle Ages. "Bring them into harmony with fact," was the requirement most keenly felt in more recent times. It is in response to this demand that what is commonly but not very happily known as Inductive Logic has been formulated.
2 (8)
In obedience to custom, I shall follow the now ordinary division of Logic into Deductive and Inductive.
3 (8)
There is thus no antagonism whatever between the two branches of Logic. They are directed to different ends. The one is supplementary to the other. The one cannot supersede the other.
4 (11)
Men generally deceive themselves before they deceive others.
5 (14)
Men are inclined to ascribe this human weakness to women. Reasoning from feeling is said to be feminine logic. But it is a human weakness.
6 (45)
He holds decided opinions for or against this or the other abstraction, freedom, tyranny, revolution, reform, socialism,
7 (48)
II. In a perfect division, the subdivisions or species are mutually exclusive.
8 (52)
Bagehot maintained that the constitution of Great Britain was more Republican than that of the United States, but his meaning was not taken except by a few.
9 (55)
When a proposition predicates of a subject something contained in the full notion, concept, or definition of the subject term, it is called Verbal, Analytic, or Explicative: verbal, inasmuch as it merely explains the meaning of a name; explicative for the same reason; analytic, inasmuch as it unties the bundle of attributes held together in the concept and pays out one, or all one by one.
10 (56)
words category (κατηγορία) and predicament, its Latin translation, have passed into common speech.
11 (63)
Aristotelian doctrine, Universalia in re, expresses a plain truth.
12 (66)
We can understand what a chiliagon means, but we cannot form an image of it in our minds, except in a very confused and imperfect way; whereas we can form a distinct image of a triangle. Mr. Jevons would call the conception of the triangle Intuitive, of the chiliagon Symbolical.
13 (68)
V. That the ultimate subject of every judgment is reality.
14 (69)
distinctions between Simple Sequence and Causal Sequence, and between Repeated and Occasional Coexistence, are all-important in the Logic of Investigation. But for syllogistic purposes the distinctions have no relevance.
15 (99)
"No war is long popular: for every war increases taxation; and the popularity of anything that touches the pocket is short-lived".
16 (106)
Can a fallacy in argument be detected at once? Is common-sense sufficient? Common-sense would require some inspection. How would it proceed? Does common-sense inspect the argument in a lump or piecemeal?
17 (109)
Antecedent does not involve the falsehood of the Consequent. "If the harbour is frozen, the ships cannot come in." If the harbour is not frozen, it does not follow that the ships can come in: they may be excluded by other causes. And so, though they cannot come in, it does not follow that the harbour is frozen.
18 (116)
The point that the Sophism undertakes to prove is that Achilles can never overtake a Tortoise once it has a certain start: what it really proves, and proves indisputably, is that he cannot overtake the Tortoise within a certain space or time.
19 (116)
Achilles passes it between the 111th and 112th yards.
20 (119)
Inductive Syllogism. This, that and the other S is P, Major. This, that and the other S is all M, Minor. ... All M is P, Conclusion.
21 (120)
The mandate of the Mediæval Spirit was Bring your beliefs into harmony with dogma.
22 (120)
Theology, a new spirit was roused, the mandate of which was, Bring your beliefs into harmony with facts.
23 (122)
Experimental Science, the sole mistress of Speculative Science, has three great Prerogatives among other parts of Knowledge. First, she tests by experiment the noblest conclusions of all other sciences. Next, she discovers respecting the notions which other sciences deal with, magnificent truths to which these sciences can by no means attain. Her third dignity is that she by her own power and without respect to other sciences investigates the secret of Nature.
24 (122)
Francis Bacon, however, went beyond all his predecessors in furnishing an elaborate Method for the interpretation of Nature. his Inductive Method or Novum Organum. he is called the founder of Inductive Philosophy, and because this has created a misapprehension of the methods actually followed by men of science.
25 (123)
He starts from the principle that the ultimate object of all knowledge is use, practice (scimus ut operemur).
26 (124)
Bacon, in short, in the practice of induction did not advance an inch beyond Aristotle. Rather he retrograded, inasmuch as he failed to draw so clear a line between the respective spheres of Inductive collection of facts and Explanation.
27 (125)
Newtonian method, not the Baconian. Newton really stands to the Scientific Method of Explanation as Aristotle stands to the Method of Dialectic and Deduction.
28 (125)
It was, however, a century and a half later that an attempt was first made to incorporate scientific method with Logic under the name of Induction, and add it as a new wing to the old Aristotelian building. This was the work of John Stuart Mill, whose System of Logic, Deductive and Inductive, was first published in 1843.
29 (129)
As regards the relation between Deduction and Induction, Mill's chief proposition was the brilliant paradox that all inference is at bottom Inductive, that Deduction is only a partial and accidental stage in a process the whole of which may be called Induction.
30 (132)
Mill's Inductive Logic as a system of scientific method was a great achievement in organisation, a veritable Novum Organum of knowledge.
31 (134)
Leonardo da Vinci, "Theory is the general, Experiments are the soldiers".
32 (140)
1. Liability to have the attention fastened on special incidents, and so diverted from other parts of the occurrence. 2. Liability to confuse and transpose the sequence of events. 3. Liability to substitute inference for fact.
33 (147)
causal relations or conditions of which they are the proof are not phenomena, in the meaning of being manifest to the senses, but rather noumena, inasmuch as they are reached by reasoning from what is manifest.
34 (148)
What we call a cause is not merely antecedent or prior in time to what we call its effect: it is so related to the effect that if it or an equivalent event had not happened the effect would not have happened.
35 (162)
planet Neptune was discovered. This was in September, 1846: before its actual discovery, Sir John Herschel exulted in the prospect of it in language that strikingly expresses the power of the method. "We see it," he said, "as Columbus saw America from the shores of Spain. Its movements have been felt, trembling along the far-reaching line of our analysis, with a certainty hardly inferior to that of ocular demonstration." 3
Pagetop

Sanasto Vocabulary Словарь (Code: w)

1 Syllogism (9)
2 syllogism /ˈsiləˌjizəm/ I. noun 1. an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs). 2. deductive reasoning as distinct from induction • logic is rules or syllogism. II. derivatives 1. syllogistic /ˌsiləˈjistik / adjective 2. syllogistically /ˌsiləˈjistik(ə)lē / adverb – origin late Middle English: via Old French or Latin from Greek sullogismos, from sullogizesthai, from sun- ‘with’ + logizesthai ‘to reason’ (9)
3 grub /ɡrəb/ I. noun 1. the larva of an insect, especially a beetle. 2. a maggot or small caterpillar. 3. ‹informal› food • a popular bar serving excellent grub. II. verb — [no obj.] 1. dig or poke superficially at the earth; dig shallowly in soil • the damage done to pastures by badgers grubbing for worms. 2. [with obj.] — remove (something) from the earth by digging it up • all the vines are grubbed up and the land left (41)
4 predicable /ˈpredəkəb(ə)l/ I. adjective that may be predicated or affirmed. II. noun 1. a thing that is predicable. 2. (usu. predicables) — (in Aristotelian logic) each of the classes to which predicates belong, usually listed as: genus, species, difference, property, and accident. III. derivatives predicability /ˌpredikəˈbilədē / noun – origin mid 16th cent.: from medieval Latin praedicabilis ‘able to be affirmed,’ from Latin praedicare ‘declare’ (see (53)
5 geometry, a chiliagon or 1000-gon is a polygon with 1,000 sides. Philosophers commonly refer to chiliagons to illustrate ideas about the nature and .. (66)
6 syllogism /ˈsiləˌjizəm/ I. noun 1. an instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn (whether validly or not) from two given or assumed propositions (premises), each of which shares a term with the conclusion, and shares a common or middle term not present in the conclusion (e.g., all dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs). (85)
7 enthymeme /ˈenTHəˌmēm/ I. noun [Logic] an argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated. – origin mid 16th cent.: via Latin from Greek enthumēma, from enthumeisthai ‘consider,’ from en- ‘within’ + thumos ‘mind.’ (103)
8 pernicious /pərˈniSHəs/ I. adjective having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way • the pernicious influences of the mass media. II. derivatives 1. perniciously /pərˈniSHəslē / adverb 2. perniciousness /pərˈniSHəsnəs / noun – origin late Middle English: from Latin perniciosus ‘destructive,’ from pernicies ‘ruin,’ based on nex, nec- ‘death.’ (112)
9 noumenon /ˈno͞oməˌnän/ I. noun (in Kantian philosophy) a thing as it is in itself, as distinct from a thing as it is knowable by the senses through phenomenal attributes. II. derivatives noumenal /-nəl / adjective – origin late 18th cent.: via German from Greek, literally ‘(something) conceived,’ from noien ‘conceive, apprehend.’ (147)
10 endemic goitre (156)
Endemic goiter is a type of goitre that is associated with dietary iodine deficiency. Contents. 1 Cause; 2 Prevention; 3 Treatment; 4 References ..
11 Ripple marks (167)
Ancient wave ripple marks in sandstone
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Kielikuvat Idioms Идиоми (Code: i)

1 "Y has not the faculty of flying". (41)
2 rain has fallen, the streets are wet. (110)
3 without being a whit the wiser unless (133)
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Määritelmät Definitions Определения (Code: d)

1 (8)
Inductive Logic
the Logic of Observation and Explanation—was first formulated and articulated to a System of Logic by J. S. Mill.
2 (8)
All knowledge, broadly speaking, comes either from Authority, i.e., by argument from accepted premisses, or from Experience. If it comes from Authority it comes through the medium of words: if
the Logic of Observation and Explanation—was first formulated and articulated to a System of Logic by J. S. Mill.
3 (47)
Buffon's saying, Le style c'est l'homme même
the Logic of Observation and Explanation—was first formulated and articulated to a System of Logic by J. S. Mill.
4 (113)
Aristotle divides Fallacies broadly into Verbal Fallacies (παρὰ τὴν λέξιν, in dictione), and Non-Verbal Fallacies ( ἔξω τῆς λέξεως), extra dictionem).
the Logic of Observation and Explanation—was first formulated and articulated to a System of Logic by J. S. Mill.
5 (113)
If a body moves, it must move either where it is or where it is not. But a body cannot move where it is: neither can it move where it is not. Conclusion, it cannot move at all, i.e., Motion is impossible.
the Logic of Observation and Explanation—was first formulated and articulated to a System of Logic by J. S. Mill.
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Kirjanmerkit Bookmarks Закладки (Code: b)

120211109+9p=10p5%**
220211111+10p=20p11%******
320211112+33p=53p29%**************
420211113+25p=78p43%**********************
520211114+56p=134p73%************************************
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Minto-Logic-ajk.txt

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