Szostak-History-ajk*$0# 1,1396,1396,his,eng,20211010,20211232,4,Rick Szostak: Making Sense of World History ama, eng, Contents List of figures List of tables List of boxes Challenges facing agents List of primary documents Preface Acknowledgements Note on the illustrations Glossary of regions and states PART I:Organizing world history 1Making sense of world history Guiding questions Key organizing devices and principles Placing this text within the evolution of world history Implications for how the book is organized Placing individuals in history What is history about? The key themes of world history Our themes and the world of today The theme of culture The theme of social structure Understanding change in history through evolutionary analysis 19,b,20211010 =0+19 Szostak-History 1396 19,3,Inter-societal transmission Evolution in cultural values and practices Evolution and progress compared Philosophical orientation of this book Interdisciplinarity and world history Both/and thinking Valuing multiple perspectives Outline of this book Questions Readings PART II:Prehistory and ancient history 2The Big History prelude: From the Big Bang to hominids Guiding questions The nature of Big History The Big Bang Stars and planets The Earth The theme of non-human environment Life on Earth Evolutionary theory revisited Multicellular life Mammals Reprise Questions Readings 3Evolution of human nature itself in early human history Guiding questions The evolution of human nature Environmental influences? Culture and more Language Culture Emotions Altruism The subconscious Human activities Tool-making Fire Economic activity Incomes Gender relations Polity and social structure Art Migration Population growth Effects on the natural environment Connections across societies Speculation on the nature of hominid life The theme of common genetic inheritance The theme of individual differences Questions Readings 4A critical transformation: The development of agriculture, nomadism, and fishing Guiding questions The development of agriculture Some preliminary considerations Agriculture in the Middle East A regional survey Some effects Agriculture means storage and control over land Environmental impacts Addressing the soil nutrient challenge facing farmers Population and health Human nature Politics Gender relations Speculation on peasant behaviour Nomadism The nature and location of nomadism The emergence of nomadism Nomads and farmers The domestication of the horse Nomad life Fishing The theme of the economy Questions Readings 5Some early impacts of agriculture: Key technologies and trade practices Guiding questions Agricultural technology The diversity of agricultural practices Irrigation Fermentation Vegetable oils Non-agricultural technologies Pottery Brick Glass Textiles Metals and mining Other technologies The theme of technology and science Trade Money Transport Merchants Artisans Economic growth Evolution of technology and science Questions Readings 6Grappling with “civilization”: The development of cities, states, and writing Guiding questions The earliest “civilizations” Cities Emergence of early cities The nature of early cities Effects of cities Architecture Organized states Emergence and expansion of early states Nature of early states The rise of “kings” Effects of states Writing Education Laws Gender relations Science War The birth of war The common experience of war Military leadership Soldiers War and social differentiation The changing face of war: Technology, scale, and organization The theme of politics Questions Readings 7Early civilizations around the world Guiding questions City states and “empires” in Mesopotamia Inscriptions Anatolia Egypt Nubia Africa beyond Nubia The Levant Greece Indus Valley The Ganges China Central Asia Americas Meanwhile elsewhere in the world Trade expansion through time Institutional evolution Climate and civilization Population Migration Travel The theme of population and health Families Questions Readings 8Belief systems: The nature and development of early religions Guiding questions Evolutionary processes Historical analysis of religion The earliest religions Egypt The Levant Mesopotamia Greece Rome Africa beyond Egypt India China Mesoamerica Nomadic religions The nature of ethics Reflections on religion and community Religion and the family Sacrifices and buildings Art The theme of art Artistic evolution Questions Readings PART III:Classical history 9Political organization on an unprecedented scale: The classical empires Guiding questions From earlier large states to larger empires The nature of empires Imperial internal diversity and justification Functions of empire The expansion of empires Administration of empires The ends of empires Particular empires Persia Mauryan and Gupta Empires in India The Kushan Empire Axum The Americas Slavery Trade Currency Finance Sea trade Trade networks Silk Road Cultural and health impacts Ancient science Libraries Questions Readings 10Similarities and differences: The Roman and Chinese Empires compared Guiding questions Greece The lasting impact of Greek civilization Rome The Republic The Empire Roman family life China Chinese philosophy The Qin The Han Comparing China and Rome Similarities and differences Empire and trade Imperial decline The question of reconstitution The legacy of empire Political thought China and bureaucratic theory Democratic impulses Jewish political thought Patriotism Questions Readings 11The birth of missionary religions: Why and how did the world’s major religions emerge? Guiding questions New religions from old Religions and states Why then? Major religions Hinduism Jainism Charvaka Judaism Zoroastrianism Confucianism Taoism Buddhism Christianity Manichaeism Islam Shinto Mayan religion Some comparisons and reflections Canon development Religion and family values Religion and trade Faith Religion and war Religion and artistic representation Relics The geographical spread of religions Conversion of rulers Policies of rulers Conquest Political conflict Missionaries and merchants Migration Financial resources Syncretism Suitability Other factors Summing up Evolutionary reflections Questions Readings 12A new force in world history: The Islamic conquests Guiding questions Early days Islamic political realities Battles over succession Umayyads Abbasids Abbasid cultural and scientific efflorescence Islamic attitudes toward women Trade and the movement of ideas Islam in India Mamluks Islam in West Africa Islam in Central Asia Islamic art Questions Readings 13Eurasia in the centuries after the fall of the classical empires Guiding questions Nomadic peoples of Central Asia Nomads and sedentary societies Nomadic military technology and organization Particular nomadic groups “Barbarian” incursions into Europe The Germans The Huns The Slavs Magyars The Vikings Islam The classic feudal system The Byzantine Empire Justinian and Theodora Byzantine strategy The nature of empire The Huns Islam Slavs China The period of disunity Sui Tang Korea Japan Southeast Asia Tibet India Questions Readings PART IV: The Middle Ages 14Seeking global commonalities: Some key thematic trends 900–1500 and beyond Guiding questions Climate after 900 Political consolidation after 900 Courtly life Cultural consolidation after 900 Trade expansion Trading cities STravellers’ tales Porcelain Agricultural expansion Monuments Family patterns Population Questions Readings 15Regional developments: Eurasia after 900 Guiding questions State formation in Europe The Catholic Church The Crusades Trade and trading towns Agriculture Industry and guilds The printing press The Renaissance China Song politics Economic dynamism under the Song Landscape painting The Yuan Japan India Southeast Asian mainland Southeast Asian islands Questions Readings 16Regional developments: Polynesia, the Americas, and Africa Guiding questions Polynesian settlement Easter Island Australia The Americas Mesoamerica Farther north South America Africa West Africa West African trading centres East Africa Kongo Questions Readings 17The Mongols and the largest ever contiguous empire Guiding questions Central Asia at the time of the Mongols Chinggis Khan Keys to Mongol success Some speculations The unfortunate logic of slaughter The post-Chinggis Mongols Mongol administration The role of women The Yuan Dynasty Effects of the Mongol conquests Trade and transport Exchange of ideas The Plague Religion After the fall Muscovy Timur Questions Readings PART V:The Early Modern period 18Thematic developments in the Early Modern period 1450–1800 Guiding questions Climate Political consolidation Laws Seventeenth-century disruptions The Netherlands Religious developments Religious interactions Witch hunts Wars and gunpowder technology Early development of gunpowder technology The success of Europe Trade Trading networks Coffee, tea, and cocoa Trans-Sahara trade Collecting The transmission of art Capitalism Population Questions Readings 19Exploration and trade: Linking the continents Guiding questions The Spanish conquests in the western hemisphere The Spanish discovery of America Spanish conquests in the Americas Silver and settlement The Spanish and others across the Pacific The Portuguese to the Indian Ocean English and Dutch expansion Russia into Siberia Chinese expansion The Columbian Exchange The potato An exchange of ideas The slave trade The Newfoundland fishery The North American fur trade Agricultural expansion Questions Readings 20Comparing new empires in Asia Guiding questions Comparisons and contrasts The Ottoman Empire Ottoman administration Reform initiatives Ottoman decline Ottoman culture The Safavid Empire Safavid culture The Mughals Mughal culture Caste Mughals and British The Ming in China Ming society and economy Ming naval expeditions The Qing in China Africa Questions Readings 21It seems so natural now: The emergence of the modern nation state Guiding questions A historical survey Europe in the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Asia Latin America Nation states and empires Settler societies Africa The Pacific The nation state system Ethnicity itself Nationalism Democracy Questions Readings 22The Great Divergence: The rise of the European economy and military Guiding questions Roots of the Great Divergence Comparing incomes Natural resources and colonies Trade and markets Demography Political and economic institutions Religion Technology and technological innovation Summing up The scientific revolution Changes in astronomical understanding Changes in practice The cultural environment of the scientific revolution Non-European antecedents Effects of the scientific revolution Western Civilization revisited Questions Readings PART VI:The nineteenth and twentieth centuries 23Key thematic transformations of the long nineteenth century Guiding questions Colonization South Africa and Algeria Japan and colonialism American imperialism? Mining Transport Changes in work Science Agriculture Questions Readings 24Industrial revolutions: Innovation, factories, and economic growth Guiding questions The British Industrial Revolution Relationships among factories, technology, and economic growth Why? The European context Politics and property rights The British Empire Transport Other factors The second generation of industrializers The Second Industrial Revolution The third generation of industrializers Demographic changes associated with industrialization Social and cultural changes associated with industrialization Questions Readings 25Political revolutions around the world: A diverse set of experiences with important commonalities Guiding questions The American Revolution To revolt or not The twenty colonies Forging a new state The French Revolution Haiti Latin American revolutions The Sokoto caliphate Other revolutions and revolts Questions Readings 26A unique historical transformation: The abolition of slavery and serfdom Guiding questions The abolition of slavery Europe The Americas Elsewhere The aftermath of abolition Other types of coerced labour Racism The abolition of serfdom The abolition of seigneurial tenure in Quebec in 1854 Questions Readings 27Key thematic transformations of the twentieth century Guiding questions Democratization Communism The growth of the state International organizations Rights Social change Religion Environment Questions Readings 28Devastation and fear: War in the twentieth century Guiding questions Prelude to war World War I Linking the World Wars Fascism World War II Wartime atrocities Allied bombing The impacts of war The Cold War The Hot Cold War Korea Cuba Indonesia Afghanistan Terrorism New wars Trends in war-making Questions Readings 29The worst of times and the best of times: The Great Depression and postwar recovery Guiding questions The Great Depression Technological innovation and the Great Depression The postwar Golden Age Social policy revisited Convergence Consumer culture Globalization Questions Readings 30An unprecedented development: Postwar decolonization Guiding questions A unique historical transformation Influences on the timing and nature of decolonization Challenges in transition The Middle East Asia Iran India China Vietnam Africa Latin America The Pacific Questions Readings 31Population movements: Dramatic changes in the numbers, location, and health of humans Guiding questions Population growth and stabilization Life expectancy Migration Nineteenth-century migration Twentieth-century migration Urbanization Tourism Epidemics and famines Obesity Questions Readings PART VII:Drawing lessons 32Drawing lessons from history: Why, how, and what Why to draw lessons Some important general insights Challenges in drawing lessons How to draw lessons Institutions and values Human nature Do no harm Human challenges Cultural understanding Toleration Science Technology Energy, resources, environment Trade Politics War Changing paths Population History itself Thoughts on our organizing structure World history and the meaning of life: How this book might shape your view of life We can achieve meaning by striving to make the world a better place We can achieve meaning through celebrating group identity (within a common humanity) We can achieve meaning by celebrating personal identity We can achieve meaning through balance We can achieve meaning through our own life story We can find meaning in religion or philosophy Index Figures 1.1 Thematic interactions 2.1 Influences on and effects of star formation 2.2 Path dependence 3.1 Influences on and effects of language 4.1 Malthusian population dynamics 4.2 Influences on and effects of agriculture 4.3 Influences on and effects of nomadism 5.1 Influences on and effects of metals technology 5.2 Influences on and effects of increased trade 5.3 The four stages of innovation 6.1 Influences on and effects of cities 6.2 Influences on and effects of states 6.3 Influences on and effects of war 8.1 Influences on and effects of the evolution of religion 12.1 Influences on and effects of Islamic conquests 12.2 Influences on and effects of Islamic science 13.1 Influences on and effects of feudalism 14.1 Influences on and effects of cultural consolidation 14.2 Influences on and effects of monuments 16.1 Influences on and effects of low population density in Africa 17.1 Influences on and effects of Mongol conquests 18.1 Influences on and effects of superior gunpowder technology 19.1 Influences on and effects of connecting the two hemispheres 21.1 Romanov Dynasty power profile 21.2 Influences on and effects of the nation state 22.1 Influences on and effects of the scientific revolution 24.1 Transport improvements and the Industrial Revolution 24.2 Influences on and effects of the demographic transition 26.1 Influences on and effects of the abolition of slavery 27.1 Influences on and effects of expanded state size 29.1 Influences on economic growth 29.2 Influences on and effects of the Great Depression 30.1 Influences on and effects of postwar decolonization 31.1 Influences on and effects of population growth Tables 1.1 Advantages of the five organizing devices Boxes 1.1 General education, world history, and this book 2.1 Path dependence 3.1 Group selection 3.2 Self-deception and historical research 3.3 Deception and hierarchy? 3.4 Sculpting the human body 3.5 Individual biographies 4.1 Malthusian population dynamics 4.2 Political leadership terminology 5.1 The nature of trade 5.2 The roles of money 5.3 Characteristics of transport 5.4 The reputation of merchants 5.5 Measuring economic growth 5.6 Increased complexity 6.1 Cities in history 6.2 Gender and stratification 6.3 The motives for war 6.4 The evolution of war 7.1 Ecological collapse 7.2 Rules of succession 7.3 The spread of languages 7.4 Migration decisions 8.1 The roles of religion 8.2 Magic and religion 8.3 The five types of ethical analysis 8.4 The purpose of artistic illustration 9.1 The economics of slavery 9.2 Shipwrecks 10.1 Sports and games 10.2 War elephants 10.3 Cuisine 10.4 Comparisons across societies 10.5 Expanding farm sizes 11.1 Religious choice 12.1 Decisive battles 12.2 Technology transfer 12.3 Travelling cuisine 13.1 Head-binding 14.1 Commodity history 15.1 Stocks and bonds and pensions 15.2 The history of timekeeping 17.1 Tales of leadership 17.2 Epidemics 18.1 Artistic borrowing 19.1 Scurvy 20.1 Universal empire 20.2 Secluding rulers 21.1 Dynastic rise and fall 21.2 Cosmopolitan Vienna 21.3 State capacity 23.1 The history of rubber 23.2 The globalization of timekeeping 24.1 International expositions 24.2 History of childhood and ageing 25.1 Revolutionary commonalities 27.1 A third gender 28.1 Ethical reflection 29.1 Historiography 29.2 Revisiting the ruler’s challenge 29.3 The causes of economic growth 29.4 Air conditioning 29.5 The historical experience of inequality 29.6 The historical novelty of globalization 30.1 Poverty rates 30.2 Resources and economic development 31.1 The changing role of agriculture 31.2 Population and economy in a post-Malthusian world 31.3 The world’s biggest cities 31.4 Museums and historical sites and World History Challenges facing agents Hunter-gatherers Farmers Nomads Fishers Merchants Artisans Builders Rulers Soldiers Priests Slaves Scientists Workers Women Explorers Artists Voters Technological innovators Industrialists Modern parents Bureaucrats Migrants Primary documents (by chapter) 6.A Sumerian Schoolboy; Ibn Khaldun; The Art of War 7.Code of Hammurabi; Advice from an Egyptian scribal teacher 8.Creation stories (several from different societies); Hymn to the Nile 9.Cyrus Cylinder; Ashoka’s Edicts; The Four Elements 10.Quotes from Cicero; Confucian quotations 11.Happiness of the Dhammapada; The Parable of the Pearl-Borer 12.The 1001 Nights; An anonymous account of Baghdad around 1000 ce 13.Ibn Khaldun’s Theory of History; An Arab impression of the Slavic slave trade; Cast off the Yoke of Bondage 14.Excerpt from Tale of Genji; Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta 15.Anonymous in Wurzburg in 1147 disdains motives for Crusades; The Divine Comedy; Zhu Xi 16.How the Aztec raised sons as warriors; Inca social policy; Mansa Musa visits Cairo 17.Visiting the Mongols; Pegalotti’s Advice to Merchants 18.Religious reform in many lands; Papal Bull of Innocent VIII on Witchcraft 19.The conquest of Tenochtitlan; Vasco da Gama on the natives of South Africa 20.Excerpt from Shaikh Hasan Al Kafrawi; Babur’s Autobiography; An address to two hundred million fellow countrywomen 21.Excerpt from Muhammad Iqbal; Giuseppe Mazzini on nationalism 22.Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations; Galileo’s Recantation of Heresy 23.In Defence of Colonialism; Testimony of a Young Female Factory Worker in 1832 24.[Petition] To the Merchants, Clothiers…; Transport and industrialization 25.Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens; Haitian Declaration of Independence; Excerpts from the Mexican Constitution 26.Decree of Simon Bolivar Emancipating Slaves in 1816; African slavery in America 27.Declaration of Rights of Working and Exploited People; The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 28.Gas attack 1916; Treaty of Versailles 29.The Depression experience; Some quotes about globalization 30.A Plea for African Unity; The Peruvian Amazon Rubber Company 31.The dawn of restrictions on immigration; The slums of Manchester 32.Oswald Spengler on Human Progress ### @@@ *** Szostak, Rick. Making Sense of World History (p. iv). Taylor and Francis. Kindle Edition.