ESTIMATES OF REAL GDP AND THE REAL GDP growth rate are used for many purposes. But the three main uses are to:
Tämä vertailu saa Kiinan vaikuttamaan äärettömän köyhältä. Tämän vaikutelman antavat Kansainvälisen valuuttarahaston (IMF) ja Maailman Pankin viralliset tilastot. Mutta kahden Pennsylvanian Yliopiston ekonomistin Robert Solowin ja Alan Hestonin laatiman Penn World Tablen (PWT) mukaan asia on hieman toisin. Ero johtuu käytetyistä hinnoista. Virallisessa tilastossa käytetään Kiinan hintoja konvertoituina Yhdysvaltojen dollareiksi markkinoilla käytetyn valuuttakurssin mukaan. Mutta nämä hinnat johtavat harhaan. Jotkut hyödykkeet, jokta ovat kalliita Yhdysvalloissa ovat hyvin halpoja Kiinassa. Jos nämä hinnat konvertoidaan dollareiksi, ne saavat pienen painon Kiinan reaalisessa BKTssa. Jos sen sijaan kaikki tavarat ja palvelukset arvostetaan Yhdysvaltojen hintatason mukaan, vertailu on oikeudenmukaisempi. Sellaisessa vertailussa käytetään hintoja, joita nimitetään PPP (purchasing power parity) hinnoiksi.
The result of this correction to the prices at which China's production is valued changes the picture by an incredible amount. Instead of real CDP per person in 1990 being $325, it was perhaps as much as $2,000-more than 6 times the official estimate. Figure 23.7 shows this amazing difference.
The World Bank and International Monetary Fund data tell us that China is a poor developing country. The Penn World Table data tell us that China has become a middle-income country. The Penn World Table data also tell us that China's real CDP exceeds Germany's, and China's economy is the third largest in the world after that in the United States and Japan.
Despite large differences in estimates of the level of China's real GDP, there is much less doubt about its growth rate. The economy of China is expanding at an extraordinary rate and it is for this reason that most businesses are paying a great deal of attention to the prospects of expanding their activities in China and the other Asian economies.
The alternative measures of China's real CDP are to some degree unreliable, and the truth is not known. But even if it were, there would still be problems in comparing the United States and China. These problems also affect comparisons in a single country over time. They arise because real CDP is an imperfect measure of economic welfare.